![]() Virtual mirror therapy (VMT) has been suggested as a method for alleviating phantom limb pain. Findings may be of use where increasing tactile acuity without significant alteration of a veridical location is a desired therapeutic outcome.Ībstract = "Phantom limb pain is commonly known as a neurological condition, where an amputee will continue to feel a limb that is no longer present in a painful fashion. The random group did not express a visual capture response when the lights were presented distally while the structured group did, suggesting the structured group developed a more robust association between the visual stimulus and the vibrotactile stimulus. There was a significant difference between the random and structured group’s ability to retain a visual capture at the veridical vibrotactile location when the lights were located distally. However, this result was unreliable, with the majority of the responses situated at the vibrotactile actuator. The structured group exhibited a larger range of tactile relocation responses than the random group. Findings show that a tactile sensation without a visual stimulus was difficult for participants to localise however, when a visual stimulus was added, they were better able to locate the veridical tactile position. These vibrotactile sensations were presented simultaneously with a visual light stimulus, either co-located or located distally at three different locations. ![]() Eight non-amputee participants were tasked with localising a static tactile sensation on a virtual arm. This paper investigates whether a passive vibrotactile sensation can be moved to a distal location from its veridical location using a series of distally located lights presented in either a random or a structured fashion. However, there is little research into whether an established visual capture effect can be relocated to a more distal location for phantom limb pain management. The ability to establish visual capture has been demonstrated in VMT applications. The current approach for transferring a tactile sensation to a phantom limb is called visual capture. The inclusion of tactile sensation in VMT has shown to be beneficial however, delivering a tactile sensation to a phantom limb, without the use of invasive procedures, can be difficult. The first trial clearly shows a series of erroneous “wiggly” movements that are repeatedly corrected, but by the 15th trial the hand is moving almost as fluently as at baseline.Phantom limb pain is commonly known as a neurological condition, where an amputee will continue to feel a limb that is no longer present in a painful fashion. E: examples from a representative participant during the first 60° trial ( top), the final 60° trial ( middle), and a baseline trial without distortion ( bottom). On day 2 a “transfer” block was completed with 45° rotation. A short break was provided between blocks. Each distortion was completed as a block, but half of each feedback group experienced the small then large distortion (30°/60°) and the other half the large then small distortion (60°/30°). The distortions introduced a rotation that meant there was a mismatch between the input device and the circular marker. ![]() On day 1, baseline performance was recorded first with no distortion, and then training was carried out with 2 distortions: 30° ( C) and 60° ( D). Each block consisted of 15 individual trials. All participants completed 4 experimental blocks over 2 consecutive days: 3 blocks on day 1 and 1 block on day 2. Two visual feedback groups were used: Direct feedback, where the participants could see their hand and stylus ( A), and Indirect feedback, where the stylus and hand were hidden from view ( B). A straight line was drawn between the targets to provide a reference path. When the marker touched 1 target, the next target in the sequence appeared (the whole sequence is shown here for clarity). The task required participants to move a circular marker to a series of targets.
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